Facts About
Alzheimer's Disease
"Alzheimer's
Disease" is the term used to describe a dementing disorder marked by certain
brain changes, regardless of the age of onset. Alzheimer's disease
is not a normal part of aging -- and it is not something that inevitable
happens in later life.
Rather, it
is one of the dementing disorders, a group of brain diseases that lead
to the loss of mental and physical functions. The disorder, whole cause
is unknown, affects a small but significant percentage of older Americans.
A very small minority
of alzheimer's
patients are under 50 years of age. However, most are over 65.
Alzheimer's
disease is the exception, rather than the rule, in old age. Only
5 to 6 percent of older people are afflicted by alzheimer's disease or
a related dementia - - but this means approximately 3 to 4 million Americans
have one of these debilitating disorders. Research indicates that
1 percent of the population aged 65-75 has severe dementia, increasing
to 7 percent of those aged 75-85 and to 25 percent of those 85 or older.
As out population ages and the number of alzheimer's patients increases,
costs of care will rise as well.
Although Alzheimer's
disease is not yet curable or reversible, there are ways to alleviate symptoms
and suffering and to assist families. And not every person with this
illness must necessarily move to a nursing home. Many thousands of
patients - - especially those in the early stages of the disease - - are
cared for by their
families in
the community. Indeed, one of the most important aspects of medical
management is family education and family support services. When,
or whether, to transfer a patient to a nursing home is a decision to be
carefully considered by the family.
The onset of
Alzheimer's disease is usually very slow and gradual, seldom occurring
before age 65. Over time, however, it follows a progressively more
serious course. Among the symptoms that typically develop, none is
unique to Alzheimer's disease at its various stages. It is therefore
essential for suspicious changes to be thoroughly evaluated before they
become inappropriately or negligently labeled Alzheimer's disease.
Problems of
memory, particularly recent or short-term memory, are common early in the
course of the disease. For example, the individual may, on repeated
occasions,
forget to turn off the iron or may not recall which of the morning's medicines
were taken. Mild personality changes, such as less spontaneity or
a sense of apathy
and a tendency
to withdraw from social interactions, may occur early in the illness.
As the disease progresses, problems in abstract thinking or in intellectual
functioning develop. You may notice the individual beginning to have
trouble with figures when working on bills, with understanding what is
being read, or with organizing the
days work.
Further disturbances in behavior and appearance may also be seen at this
point, such as agitation, irritability, quarrelsomeness, and diminishing
ability to dress appropriately.
The average
course of the disease from the time it is recognized to death is about
6 to 8 years, but it may range from under 2 years to over 20 years.
Those who develop the disorder later in life may die from other illnesses
(such as heart disease) before Alzheimer's disease reaches its final and
most serious stage.
The reaction
of an individual to the illness and the way he or she copes with it also
varies and may depend on such factors as lifelong personality patterns
and the nature and severity of the stress in the immediate environment.
As research
on Alzheimer's disease continues, scientists are now describing other abnormal
chemical changes associated with the disease. These include nerve
cell degeneration in certain areas of the brain. Also, defects in
certain blood vessels supplying blood to the brain have been studied as
a possible contributing factor.
There is no
way at the present time to determine who may get Alzheimer's disease.
The main risk factor for the disease is increased age. The rates
of the disease increase markedly with advancing age, with 25 percent of
people over 85 suffering from Alzheimer's or other sever dementia.
Other things
often noticeable may be depression, severe uneasiness, and paranoia or
delusions that accompany or result from the disease, but they can often
be alleviated by appropriate treatments.
Alzheimer's
disease has emerged as one of the great mysteries in modern day medicine,
with a growing number of clues but still no answers as to its cause.
Researchers have come up with a number of theories about the cause of this
disease but so far the mystery remains unresolved.
Because of
the many other disorders that are often confused with Alzheimer's disease,
a comprehensive clinical evaluation is essential to arrive at a correct
diagnosis of any symptoms that look similar to those of Alzheimer's disease.
In most cases, the family physician can be consulted about the best way
to get the necessary examinations.
Stress on the
family can take a toll on both the patient and the caregiver alike.
Caregivers are usually family members - - either spouses or children -
- and usually wives and daughters. As time passes and the burden
mounts, it not only places the mental health of family caregivers at risk.
It also diminishes their ability to provide care to the diseased patient.
Hence, assistance to the family as a whole must be considered.
As the disease
progresses, families experience increasing anxiety and pain at seeing unsettling
changes in a loved one, and they commonly feel guilt over not being able
to do enough. The prevalence of reactive depression among family
members in this
situation
is disturbingly high - - caregivers are chronically stressed and are much
more likely to suffer from depression than the average person. If
caregivers have been forced to retire from positions outside the home.
They feel progressively more isolated and no longer productive members
of society.
The likelihood,
intensity, and duration of depression among caregivers can all be lowered
through available interventions. For example, to the extent that family
members can offer emotional support to each other and perhaps seek professional
consultation, they will be better prepared to help their loved one manage
the
illness and
to recognize the limits of what they themselves can reasonably do.
Though Alzheimer's
disease cannot at present be cured, reversed, or stopped in its progression,
much can be done to help both the patient and the family live through the
course of the illness with greater dignity and less discomfort. Toward
this goal, appropriate clinical interventions and community services should
be vigorously
sought.
While Alzheimer's
disease remains a mystery, with its cause and cure not yet found, there
is considerable excitement and hope about new findings that are unfolding
in numerous research settings.
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